The story of Czechia
The lands of today's Czechia were settled by Celtic tribes, including the Boii who gave Bohemia its name, and later by Germanic peoples. Slavic tribes arrived around the 6th century, and in the 9th century Great Moravia became one of the first Slavic states, welcoming the missionaries Cyril and Methodius. From around 900 the Přemyslid dynasty built Prague Castle and forged the Duchy, later Kingdom, of Bohemia.
Bohemia's golden age came under Charles IV in the 14th century, when he became Holy Roman Emperor and made Prague one of Europe's great cities, founding its university and the bridge that bears his name. In the early 15th century the reformer Jan Hus was burned at the stake, sparking the Hussite movement and wars. In 1526 the Habsburgs inherited the Czech crown, and after the Bohemian revolt was crushed at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, the region was drawn firmly into the Catholic Habsburg world for three centuries.
Read the full history
A 19th-century national revival restored the Czech language in literature and theatre. In 1918, as Austria-Hungary collapsed, Czechoslovakia was founded under Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. Nazi Germany occupied it during the Second World War, and in 1948 the communists took power. The reforms of the 1968 Prague Spring were halted by a Warsaw Pact invasion, but in 1989 the peaceful Velvet Revolution brought democracy, with playwright Václav Havel as president. On 1 January 1993 Czechoslovakia split peacefully, creating the Czech Republic, which joined NATO in 1999 and the EU in 2004.
Because Czech cities largely escaped wartime destruction, visitors today find an exceptional wealth of Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque architecture, from Prague's skyline of spires to the painted squares of Telč and the medieval lanes of Český Krumlov, alongside castles, spa towns and a famous beer culture.
Timeline
- c. 830Great Moravia emerges as an early Slavic state
- c. 880The Přemyslids found Prague Castle
- 1348Charles IV founds Charles University in Prague
- 1415Jan Hus is executed, sparking the Hussite movement
- 1620Defeat at White Mountain cements Habsburg rule
- 1918Czechoslovakia is founded
- 1989The Velvet Revolution ends communist rule
- 1993The Czech Republic becomes an independent state
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
- Schengen Area – Part of the Schengen Area – 29 European countries with no passport checks between them. Short visits are usually counted under the 90-days-in-any-180 rule across the whole area.
- European Union – EU member – EU/EEA citizens can travel and stay freely.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of the Schengen Area (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Czechia appears below as soon as publishers report it.
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Things to do in Czechia
- Cross Charles Bridge at dawnWalk among the Baroque statues before the crowds arrive, with Prague Castle glowing above the river.
- Explore Prague CastleWander the vast complex, from St Vitus Cathedral to the tiny houses of Golden Lane.
- Watch the astronomical clockCatch the hourly procession of apostles on the medieval clock in Old Town Square.
- Drink in a beer hallSip a freshly poured pilsner in a traditional pub or tour the brewery town of Plzeň.
- Float through Český KrumlovRaft or canoe the Vltava as it loops around a fairy-tale castle town.
- See the Bone ChurchVisit the Sedlec Ossuary in Kutná Hora, decorated with the bones of thousands of people.
- Hike Bohemian SwitzerlandTrek among sandstone towers to the great natural arch of Pravčická brána.
- Take the waters in Karlovy VarySip mineral water from spa cups along elegant colonnades in this historic spa town.
- Tour Moravian wine cellarsTaste white wines in village cellars around Mikulov and Valtice.
- Eat svíčková and trdelníkTry beef in creamy sauce with dumplings, then a sugar-coated pastry as a street snack.
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Where to go in Czechia
- PragueBohemia · capitalA beautifully preserved capital of bridges, spires and squares with a buzzing café and pub scene.
- Český KrumlovSouth Bohemia · castle townA UNESCO-listed riverside town dominated by a huge Renaissance castle.
- Kutná HoraCentral Bohemia · silver townOnce rich from silver, with the soaring St Barbara's Church and the famous ossuary.
- Karlovy VaryWest Bohemia · spa townA grand spa town of hot springs, colonnades and pastel buildings.
- BrnoMoravia · second cityA lively university city with functionalist architecture, including the UNESCO-listed Villa Tugendhat.
- Bohemian Switzerland National ParkNorth · sandstone hikingGorges, rock towers and river boat rides in a striking sandstone landscape.
- 📍OlomoucMoravia · historic cityAn underrated city with grand squares, a UNESCO Holy Trinity Column and few crowds.
- 📍Lednice-ValticeSouth Moravia · landscapeA vast designed landscape of chateaux, follies and parks in wine country.
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- Walk across Charles Bridge at sunrise
- Explore Prague Castle and its courtyards
- Taste Czech beer in a traditional pub
- Hike to the Pravčická brána rock arch
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Pictures showing a large crowd on the bridge during the band’s 2024 Prague performances appear to have sparked a recent surge
- Svíčková – beef in a creamy vegetable sauce with dumplings
- Vepřo knedlo zelo – roast pork with dumplings and sauerkraut
- Smažený sýr – fried cheese served with tartar sauce
- Trdelník – sweet rolled pastry cooked over a fire
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Best time to visit Czechia
Czechia has a temperate continental climate with warm summers and cold winters, often with snow in the mountains. Summer brings the most rain, usually as short showers and thunderstorms.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Prague (approximate averages).
- May-JunePrague Spring International Music FestivalA prestigious classical music festival opening with Smetana's 'Má vlast'.
- Late June-early JulyKarlovy Vary International Film FestivalOne of Central Europe's leading film festivals, with screenings open to the public.
- JuneFestival of the Five-Petalled RoseČeský Krumlov returns to Renaissance times with costumes, jousting and markets.
- Late November-DecemberChristmas marketsSquares fill with wooden stalls, mulled wine, carols and giant Christmas trees.
How many days in Czechia?
Days 1-3 explore Prague's Old Town, Castle, Malá Strana and Jewish Quarter. Day 4 take a day trip to Kutná Hora. Day 5 visit Český Krumlov or the beer town of Plzeň.
Days 1-3 in Prague with a day trip to Bohemian Switzerland. Days 4-5 Český Krumlov, then Day 6 Telč. Days 7-8 Brno and the wine villages of South Moravia, finishing Days 9-10 in Olomouc.
Backpacker budget: about $40–60 a day
- Trains and buses are cheap and reliable; book ahead online for the best fares between main cities.
- Prague's Žižkov and Vinohrady neighbourhoods have good-value pubs and a local feel away from the Old Town.
- Eat a daily lunch menu (denní menu) at pubs and canteens for a filling and cheap main meal.
- Buy a public transport pass in Prague - trams, metro and buses are excellent and cheap.
- Brno and Olomouc are cheaper than Prague and have friendly hostel scenes.
Stay safe
- Czechia is very safe, but pickpockets operate in busy areas of Prague such as Charles Bridge and on trams.
- Avoid street money changers and use bank ATMs rather than independent cash machines with poor rates.
- Use ride apps or reputable taxi companies rather than hailing on tourist streets.
- Check menu prices and bills in tourist-area restaurants for hidden extras.
Money
- The currency is the Czech koruna (crown); euros are sometimes accepted but at poor rates.
- Cards and contactless payment are accepted almost everywhere; when paying by card, choose to be charged in koruna.
- Tipping about 10% or rounding up is customary in restaurants and pubs.
Emergency: 112 general · 158 police · 155 ambulance · 150 fire
Prague's Václav Havel Airport is the main international gateway. Czechia is in the Schengen area, with fast trains and buses from Germany, Austria, Poland and Slovakia.
✈️ Cheap flights to Czechia: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- Czechs drink more beer per person than any other nation.
- Prague Castle is listed as one of the largest ancient castle complexes in the world.
- The word 'robot' was introduced by Czech writer Karel Čapek in a 1920 play.
- Sugar cubes were invented in the Czech lands in the 1840s.
- Prague's astronomical clock dates from 1410 and is one of the oldest still working.
Czechia travel questions
Is Czechia safe for tourists?
Yes, Czechia is one of the safest countries in Europe. The main risks in Prague are pickpockets and tourist scams such as bad exchange rates.
What is the best time to visit Prague?
May, June and September offer pleasant weather and manageable crowds. December is popular for Christmas markets despite the cold.
How many days do you need in Czechia?
Three days is enough for Prague's highlights. A week or more lets you add Český Krumlov, Kutná Hora and Moravia.
Is English spoken in Czechia?
English is widely spoken in Prague and among younger people, less so in rural areas. Learning 'dobrý den' (hello) and 'děkuji' (thank you) is appreciated.
Do Czechs use the euro?
No, the currency is the Czech koruna. Cards are widely accepted, so you need little cash.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Cheap, reliable trains and buses link all the main towns. Prague has an easy metro, tram and bus network.
- St. Vitus Cathedral – Gothic cathedral inside Prague Castle, home of the Czech crown jewels
- Sedlec Ossuary – Small chapel decorated with the bones of thousands of people
- Velehrad Basilica – Major pilgrimage church linked to Saints Cyril and Methodius
- Say 'dobrý den' (good day) when entering shops
- Take your shoes off when entering someone's home
- Look people in the eye when toasting with 'na zdraví'
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