The story of Madagascar
Madagascar split from the African and Indian landmasses tens of millions of years ago, and its wildlife evolved in isolation – which is why about nine in ten of its plants and animals live nowhere else. Humans arrived surprisingly late: seafarers of Austronesian origin, whose language links Malagasy to languages of Borneo, crossed the Indian Ocean roughly 1,500 years ago, and settlers from the African mainland followed, creating a unique blend of Asian and African cultures.
Arab and Swahili traders established coastal posts, and over the centuries a patchwork of kingdoms grew, including the Sakalava in the west, the Betsimisaraka on the east coast and the Merina in the central highlands. At the end of the eighteenth century King Andrianampoinimerina united the Merina from the royal hill of Ambohimanga, and his son Radama I extended control over much of the island, welcoming British missionaries who introduced the Latin alphabet for writing Malagasy.
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Later rulers, including Queen Ranavalona I, resisted foreign influence, but France invaded in 1895 and made Madagascar a colony the following year, exiling Queen Ranavalona III. An uprising against colonial rule broke out in 1947 and was suppressed. Madagascar regained its independence on 26 June 1960, and has since experienced several periods of political change while building its identity as a proudly Malagasy nation.
Today the 'Eighth Continent' draws nature lovers for its lemurs, chameleons, baobabs and limestone tsingy forests, but its culture is just as compelling: highland rice terraces, ancestral tombs, the famadihana reburial ceremonies and the hilltop royal palaces of Antananarivo and Ambohimanga. Distances are great and roads slow, so travellers should plan carefully and take time to enjoy the island's 'mora mora' – slowly, slowly – rhythm.
Timeline
- c. 160 million years agoMadagascar begins separating from Africa
- c. 500-700 ADAustronesian seafarers settle the island
- c. 1787Andrianampoinimerina begins uniting the Merina kingdom
- 1817Radama I recognised by Britain as king of Madagascar
- 1896Madagascar becomes a French colony
- 1947Uprising against colonial rule
- 1960Independence on 26 June
- 2001Royal Hill of Ambohimanga listed by UNESCO
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of Madagascar (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Madagascar appears below as soon as publishers report it.
A bright lens of anorthosite, a rock type prevalent on the lunar surface, is cradled within sheared rocks in the country’s south.
#Madagascar#Inspiring & Scenic
Things to do in Madagascar
- Walk the Avenue of the BaobabsWatch the sunset silhouette giant baobabs lining a dirt road near Morondava.
- Hear the indri in AndasibeListen to the eerie, whale-like calls of the largest living lemur in misty rainforest.
- Explore the Tsingy de BemarahaCross rope bridges and ladders over a forest of razor-sharp limestone pinnacles.
- Hike Isalo National ParkTrek through sandstone canyons to natural swimming pools and palm-lined oases.
- Spot chameleons on a night walkSearch with a guide's torch for tiny chameleons, frogs and mouse lemurs.
- Whale-watch at Île Sainte-MarieSee humpback whales breaching off a pirate-history island between July and September.
- Snorkel around Nosy BeSwim with turtles off nearby islets like Nosy Tanikely in clear northern waters.
- Ride the Fianarantsoa–East Coast railwayTake a slow, scenic train through rainforest and villages when it is running.
- Visit the Royal Hill of AmbohimangaExplore the sacred hilltop palace complex of the Merina kings.
- Descend the Tsiribihina RiverFloat downriver by pirogue for several days, camping on sandbanks.
Where to go in Madagascar
- 📍AntananarivoCentral highlands · capitalA hilly, bustling capital with the Rova queen's palace, markets and views over rice paddies.
- Andasibe-Mantadia National ParkEast · rainforest & lemursThe easiest rainforest park from the capital, home of the singing indri.
- 📍Morondava & the Avenue of the BaobabsWest coast · baobabsIconic baobab landscapes and gateway to the Tsingy and Kirindy forest.
- Tsingy de BemarahaWest · limestone forestA UNESCO site of jagged karst pinnacles, accessible in the dry season.
- Isalo National ParkSouth · canyonsA dramatic sandstone massif with hikes, pools and ring-tailed lemurs.
- Ranomafana National ParkSoutheast · rainforestLush mountain rainforest famed for the golden bamboo lemur.
- Nosy BeNorthwest · islands & beachesMadagascar's main beach destination, with islets, reefs and ylang-ylang plantations.
- 📍Île Sainte-MarieEast coast · islandA palm-fringed island with a pirate cemetery and seasonal whale watching.
- Spot lemurs on a guided night walk
- Watch sunset at the Avenue of the Baobabs
- Hike the canyons of Isalo
- Snorkel and laze on the beaches of Nosy Be
- Romazava – beef and leafy greens stew, the national dish
- Ravitoto – pounded cassava leaves cooked with pork
- Mofo gasy – small rice-flour cakes sold at breakfast
- Zebu brochettes – grilled skewers of local cattle meat
Best time to visit Madagascar
Madagascar has a wet season from roughly December to March and a dry season from April to November. The east coast is wet year-round, the southwest is semi-arid, and the highlands are cool, especially at night in winter.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Antananarivo (approximate averages).
- July-September (varies)FamadihanaHighland families exhume and rewrap ancestors' remains in new silk shrouds amid music and feasting.
- 26 JuneIndependence DayParades, fireworks and lantern processions mark the biggest national holiday.
- March (varies)Alahamady BeThe traditional Malagasy new year, celebrated with rituals at royal sites like Ambohimanga.
- May-JuneDonia FestivalNosy Be hosts a lively music festival featuring artists from across the Indian Ocean islands.
How many days in Madagascar?
Day 1 explore Antananarivo. Day 2-3 visit Andasibe for indri and night walks. Day 4-7 drive south via Antsirabe to Ranomafana and Isalo, flying back from Toliara if possible.
Day 1-2 Antananarivo and Andasibe. Day 3-8 travel the RN7 through Antsirabe, Ranomafana, Anja reserve and Isalo to the beaches near Toliara. Day 9-12 fly or drive to Morondava for the Avenue of the Baobabs and Kirindy, adding the Tsingy if dry. Day 13-14 relax on Nosy Be or return to the capital.
Backpacker budget: about $25–40 a day
- Taxi-brousses (shared minibuses) are the cheapest way to travel, but are slow and crowded – choose reputable cooperatives and travel by day.
- The RN7 route south from Antananarivo is the easiest region for independent budget travel.
- Eat at hotely (simple local restaurants) for cheap rice dishes like romazava and zebu stew.
- National park guides are compulsory; sharing a guide with other travellers keeps costs down.
- Allow buffer days – flights are often rescheduled and roads can be slower than expected.
Stay safe
- Petty theft is common in Antananarivo and towns – avoid walking at night and keep valuables hidden.
- Avoid road travel after dark because of poor roads and the risk of highway robbery in some regions.
- Check your government's latest travel advice, especially during cyclone season or periods of political tension.
- Take malaria precautions in coastal and lowland areas and drink only treated or bottled water.
Money
- The currency is the Malagasy ariary; euros are the easiest foreign currency to exchange.
- ATMs are found in larger towns, but cards are accepted only at bigger hotels – carry enough cash for rural areas.
- Tipping guides, drivers and porters is customary and an important part of their income.
Emergency: 117 police · 118 fire
Ivato International Airport in Antananarivo is the main gateway, with some international flights landing at Nosy Be. Flights connect via Paris, Nairobi, Addis Ababa, Johannesburg, Réunion and Mauritius.
✈️ Cheap flights to Madagascar: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- About 90 percent of Madagascar's wildlife is found nowhere else on Earth.
- Lemurs live naturally only in Madagascar and the nearby Comoros islands.
- Six of the world's eight or nine baobab species are endemic to Madagascar.
- The Malagasy language is most closely related to languages spoken in Borneo, thousands of kilometres away.
- Madagascar is one of the world's largest producers of vanilla.
Madagascar travel questions
Is Madagascar safe for tourists?
Most trips are trouble-free, but petty crime is common in cities and some rural roads carry a robbery risk at night. Travel by day, keep valuables hidden and check your government's latest travel advice.
What is the best time to visit Madagascar?
April to November, during the dry season, is best for travel and wildlife. September to November is especially good for seeing lemurs with babies and warmer weather.
Do I need a visa for Madagascar?
It depends on your passport – most visitors need a visa, which some can obtain online or on arrival. Check the official government site or embassy before you travel.
How many days do you need in Madagascar?
At least two weeks is recommended, as distances are long and roads slow. With one week, focus on a single region like the RN7 route.
Where can I see lemurs in Madagascar?
Andasibe-Mantadia, Ranomafana, Isalo, Anja and Kirindy are among the best places to see lemurs. Local guides know where to find them.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Roads are slow and often rough, so many travelers hire a car with a driver or use shared taxi-brousse minibuses. Domestic flights save time on long distances.
- Royal Hill of Ambohimanga – Sacred royal hill and burial site of Merina kings, a UNESCO site
- Learn about local fady (taboos), which differ from place to place
- Ask before photographing people
- Greet with 'Salama' and take time for polite small talk
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