The story of Gibraltar
The Rock of Gibraltar has drawn people for an astonishingly long time. Neanderthals lived in its seaside caves for tens of thousands of years, and Gorham's Cave is thought to be one of the last places they survived; a Neanderthal skull found here in 1848 was among the first ever discovered. In ancient times Phoenicians and later Greeks and Romans regarded the Rock as one of the Pillars of Hercules, marking the edge of the known world.
In 711 the Berber commander Tariq ibn Ziyad landed here to begin the Muslim conquest of Iberia, and the Rock took his name: Jebel Tariq, the Mountain of Tariq, which became 'Gibraltar'. A fortified town grew up under Moorish rule, and the Moorish Castle still looks down on the town today. Castile captured Gibraltar in 1309, lost it, and finally took it for good in 1462, after which it became part of Spain.
Read the full history
During the War of the Spanish Succession, an Anglo-Dutch force captured Gibraltar in 1704, and the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht ceded it to Britain. Spain tried repeatedly to retake it, most famously in the Great Siege of 1779–1783, during which British soldiers began tunnelling the Rock. Gibraltar became a vital naval base, used by Nelson's fleet in 1805 and crucial in both World Wars, when a vast network of tunnels was carved inside the Rock. Sovereignty has long been disputed by Spain; in referendums in 1967 and 2002 Gibraltarians voted overwhelmingly to remain British. The border with Spain was closed from 1969 until it fully reopened in 1985.
Today Gibraltar is a self-governing British Overseas Territory with a unique Mediterranean identity, mixing British, Spanish, Genoese, Maltese, Jewish and Moroccan heritage. Visitors can explore Neanderthal caves, Moorish walls, siege tunnels and military batteries, all in a tiny territory where locals switch easily between English and Spanish in a dialect called Llanito.
Timeline
- c. 30,000 BCNeanderthals among the last of their kind live in Gorham's Cave
- 711Tariq ibn Ziyad lands to begin the Moorish conquest of Iberia
- 1462Castile takes Gibraltar permanently from the Moors
- 1704Anglo-Dutch forces capture Gibraltar
- 1713Treaty of Utrecht cedes Gibraltar to Britain
- 1779Great Siege begins, lasting nearly four years
- 1969Spain closes the land border, reopened fully in 1985
- 2016Gorham's Cave Complex listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Gibraltar appears below as soon as publishers report it.
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Things to do in Gibraltar
- Ride the cable car up the RockGlide to the top for views across the Strait to Morocco's Rif Mountains on a clear day.
- Meet the Barbary macaquesSee Europe's only wild monkeys lounging at Apes' Den – but keep food out of sight.
- Explore St Michael's CaveWander through a dramatic cavern of stalactites that also hosts concerts in its natural auditorium.
- Walk the Great Siege TunnelsFollow galleries hand-dug by British soldiers in the eighteenth century, with cannon pointing toward Spain.
- Cross the Windsor Suspension BridgeTest your nerves on a bridge spanning a deep gorge high up in the nature reserve.
- Climb the Mediterranean StepsHike a steep, spectacular path around the Rock's eastern cliffs.
- Go dolphin watchingTake a boat into the Bay of Gibraltar, where several dolphin species are seen year-round.
- Stroll Main StreetBrowse shops and pubs along the busy pedestrian street, then relax in Casemates Square.
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Where to go in Gibraltar
- 📍Upper Rock Nature ReserveThe Rock · nature & historyHome to the macaques, caves, tunnels, viewpoints and walking trails across the top of the Rock.
- 📍Main Street & Casemates SquareTown centre · shopping & cafésThe heart of Gibraltar, with British-style pubs, historic buildings and lively squares.
- Europa PointSouthern tip · lighthouse & viewsThe southernmost point of the Rock, with a lighthouse, a mosque and sweeping views of Africa.
- 📍Gorham's Cave ComplexEast side · UNESCO siteSea caves where Neanderthals lived; viewable from a platform or on limited guided tours.
- 📍Catalan BayEast coast · beach villageA colourful former fishing village with a sandy beach beneath the cliffs.
- 📍Ocean VillageMarina · diningA modern marina area with waterfront restaurants and bars.
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- Ride the cable car to the top of the Rock
- Meet the Barbary macaques
- Explore the Great Siege Tunnels
- Take a dolphin-watching boat trip in the bay
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Best time to visit Gibraltar
Gibraltar has a mild Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and wet, mild winters. A cloud known as the 'Levanter' often forms over the Rock during easterly winds, making the town humid and grey even on sunny days nearby.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Gibraltar (approximate averages).
- 10 SeptemberGibraltar National DayLocals dress in red and white for a day of rallies, concerts and celebrations of Gibraltarian identity.
- AutumnGibraltar Literary FestivalAuthors and speakers from Britain and beyond gather for talks and events.
- SummerGibraltar CalentitaA food festival named after a local chickpea dish, celebrating the territory's many culinary influences.
- JuneKing's Birthday CelebrationsMilitary parades and ceremonial events mark the monarch's official birthday.
How many days in Gibraltar?
Morning: cable car up the Rock to see the macaques, St Michael's Cave and the Great Siege Tunnels. Afternoon: walk down to Main Street, Casemates Square and finish at Europa Point.
Day 1: Upper Rock Nature Reserve and tunnels. Day 2: Mediterranean Steps hike, Catalan Bay and a dolphin trip. Day 3: museum and town history, or a day trip into Andalusia across the border.
Backpacker budget: about $70–100 a day
- Accommodation in Gibraltar is pricey; many budget travellers stay in La Línea de la Concepción in Spain and walk across the border.
- Walk up the Rock instead of taking the cable car to save money – just bring water and good shoes.
- Local buses are cheap and cover the territory, including Europa Point and Catalan Bay.
- Pick up picnic supplies at supermarkets; Gibraltar's restaurant prices are closer to the UK than to Spain.
- Remember to carry your passport or ID for crossing the border, which is busy at peak times.
Stay safe
- Gibraltar is very safe, but keep bags closed and food hidden around the macaques, which grab snacks.
- Never feed the monkeys – it is illegal and can result in a fine.
- Wear sturdy shoes on steep paths such as the Mediterranean Steps.
- Expect queues at the border at busy times and allow extra time if connecting to flights in Spain.
Money
- The Gibraltar pound is pegged one-to-one to the British pound; UK sterling is accepted, but Gibraltar notes can't easily be used in the UK.
- Euros are widely accepted, though change is usually given in pounds and the rate may not be favourable.
- Cards are accepted almost everywhere; tipping around 10% in restaurants is customary.
Emergency: 112 or 999 police, fire & ambulance
Gibraltar International Airport (GIB) has flights from the UK, and its runway famously crosses the main road into town. Most other visitors fly to Málaga and continue by road, entering on foot or by car across the land border with Spain.
✈️ Cheap flights to Gibraltar: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- Gibraltar's airport runway is crossed by the main road, which closes whenever a plane lands or takes off.
- The Rock contains more tunnels than roads, with tens of kilometres dug through it.
- The Barbary macaques are the only wild monkeys living in Europe.
- A Neanderthal skull found in Gibraltar in 1848 predates the famous Neander Valley discovery that gave the species its name.
- Gibraltar covers less than 7 square kilometres.
Gibraltar travel questions
Is Gibraltar safe for tourists?
Gibraltar is very safe, with low crime. The main hazard is the macaques, which can snatch food and bags, so keep belongings secure.
When is the best time to visit Gibraltar?
Spring and early autumn offer warm weather and clear views across the Strait. Summer is hot and busier with cruise passengers.
How many days do you need in Gibraltar?
One full day covers the main sights of the Rock and the town. Stay two or three days for hikes, dolphin trips and a more relaxed pace.
Do I need a passport to enter Gibraltar?
Yes, you need to show a passport or valid ID at the border, and entry rules depend on your nationality. Check the official Gibraltar government site before you travel, as border arrangements with Spain may change.
What language is spoken in Gibraltar?
English is the official language, but most locals also speak Spanish and mix the two in a dialect called Llanito.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Gibraltar is small enough to walk, with local buses and a cable car up the Rock. Many visitors arrive on foot from Spain.
- Shrine of Our Lady of Europe – Historic shrine at Europa Point honouring Gibraltar's patroness
- Cathedral of St Mary the Crowned – Catholic cathedral on Main Street, built on the site of an old mosque
- Never feed or touch the macaques
- English is official, but many locals also speak Spanish and Llanito
- Dress modestly when visiting churches and the mosque
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