The story of Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan sits where the Caucasus Mountains meet the Caspian Sea, and people have lived here since the Stone Age – the rock carvings of Gobustan record hunters, boats and dancers from many thousands of years ago. In antiquity the land formed part of Caucasian Albania and later fell under Persian, Arab and Turkic influence. Zoroastrian fire worship flourished around the natural gas vents of the Absheron Peninsula, giving rise to the nickname 'Land of Fire'.
Turkic Oghuz tribes arrived in the 11th century, shaping the language spoken today. The Shirvanshahs ruled from Shamakhi and Baku for centuries, leaving behind the palace and walled Old City that still crown the capital, while Silk Road caravans passed through towns like Sheki. From the 16th century the region was contested between Safavid Persia, the Ottomans and local khanates, until Russia absorbed it in the early 19th century.
Read the full history
Baku's oil boom in the late 1800s made it one of the world's great petroleum centres and filled the city with grand mansions built by oil barons. In 1918 the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was proclaimed, among the first secular democracies in the Muslim world, but it was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Seven decades of Soviet rule brought industry, education and sweeping social change.
Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991 amid conflict with Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh, a dispute that has shaped the country's recent history. Oil and gas revenues have since rebuilt Baku with bold modern landmarks like the Flame Towers and the Heydar Aliyev Center. For visitors, the country offers a striking blend of ancient fire temples, mountain villages, Persian-style carpets and Caspian seaside boulevards, with famously generous hospitality.
Timeline
- c. 10,000 BCEarly rock carvings made at Gobustan
- 11th centuryOghuz Turkic tribes settle the region
- 15th centuryShirvanshahs' Palace built in Baku's Old City
- 1813-1828Northern Azerbaijan absorbed into the Russian Empire
- 1870sBaku oil boom begins
- 1918Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed
- 1920Incorporated into the Soviet Union
- 1991Independence restored
Entry rules depend on your passport and change often.
Before you book, check the official rules for your passport:
- Visa policy of Azerbaijan (Wikipedia) ↗
- IATA Travel Centre – passport, visa & health rules ↗
- U.S. passport holders – State Department country pages ↗
- UK passport holders – GOV.UK travel advice ↗
The latest visa and entry news for Azerbaijan appears below as soon as publishers report it.
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Things to do in Azerbaijan
- Explore IcherisheherLose yourself in Baku's walled Old City, climbing the Maiden Tower and touring the Palace of the Shirvanshahs.
- See Gobustan petroglyphsStudy thousands of prehistoric rock carvings and then visit the nearby bubbling mud volcanoes.
- Watch Yanar Dag burnStand beside a hillside that has blazed with natural gas flames for decades, best seen after dark.
- Visit the Ateshgah fire templeTour the fortified fire-worshippers' temple in Surakhani where pilgrims once came to venerate eternal flames.
- Stroll Baku BoulevardWalk the long Caspian seafront promenade as the Flame Towers light up in shifting colours.
- Stay in ShekiAdmire the stained-glass Palace of the Sheki Khans and sleep in a restored Silk Road caravanserai.
- Hike to KhinalugJourney to one of the highest and most remote villages in the Caucasus, home to its own ancient language.
- Taste plov and pakhlavaSample saffron rice plov, kebabs and honeyed Sheki halva over endless glasses of black tea.
- Admire the Heydar Aliyev CenterMarvel at Zaha Hadid's flowing white building, one of the world's most photographed modern landmarks.
- Shop for carpetsBrowse handwoven carpets in Old City shops or learn their regional patterns at the Azerbaijan Carpet Museum.
Where to go in Azerbaijan
- BakuCapital · Caspian coastA city of medieval walls, oil-boom mansions and futuristic towers, with lively tea houses and a long seafront boulevard.
- Gobustan National ParkSouth of Baku · rock artA UNESCO site of prehistoric petroglyphs set among rocky hills, near weird mud volcanoes.
- ShekiNorth-west · Silk Road townA leafy mountain town famed for its khan's palace, caravanserais and sweets.
- 📍Quba and KhinalugNorth · Caucasus mountainsApple orchards, carpet-weaving traditions and a dramatic road up to an ancient highland village.
- GabalaNorth · mountain resortForested valleys, waterfalls and cable cars make this a favourite summer escape.
- 📍LahijIsmayilli · craft villageA cobbled mountain village known for generations of coppersmiths working in small workshops.
- 📍Absheron PeninsulaAround Baku · fire sitesHome to the Ateshgah temple, Yanar Dag and old castles, all within easy reach of the capital.
- 📍LankaranSouth · subtropical coastA green, humid region of tea plantations, citrus groves and forests near the Iranian border.
- Stroll the Old City and Maiden Tower in Baku
- Watch the burning hillside at Yanar Dag
- See the mud volcanoes near Gobustan
- Drink tea with jam in a traditional chaikhana
- Plov – saffron rice with meat and dried fruit
- Dolma – vine leaves or vegetables stuffed with meat
- Qutab – thin flatbreads filled with greens or meat
- Pakhlava – layered nut pastry with syrup
Best time to visit Azerbaijan
Baku has a semi-arid climate with hot, dry summers and chilly, windy winters. The north-western mountains are greener and cooler, while the south around Lankaran is subtropical and humid.
Typical daytime highs and rain in Baku (approximate averages).
- MarchNovruz BayramThe spring new year is celebrated with bonfire jumping, painted eggs, sweet pastries and family feasts.
- VariesBaku Jazz FestivalBaku's strong jazz tradition is showcased in a festival drawing local and international musicians.
- Varies (spring or autumn)Formula 1 Azerbaijan Grand PrixCars race through Baku's streets and around the walls of the Old City.
- SummerGabala International Music FestivalClassical music concerts take place in the mountain town of Gabala.
How many days in Azerbaijan?
Days 1-2 explore Baku's Old City, boulevard and modern architecture. Day 3 take a day trip to Gobustan and the mud volcanoes, then Ateshgah and Yanar Dag at sunset. Days 4-5 ride north to Quba or Sheki for mountain air and history.
Days 1-3 Baku and the Absheron fire sites, plus Gobustan. Days 4-6 head north to Quba and Khinalug, then loop west via Lahij to Gabala. Days 7-9 settle in Sheki for its palace, caravanserais and nearby villages, and finish with a final day back in Baku.
Backpacker budget: about $30–50 a day
- Baku's metro and city buses are very cheap and run on a rechargeable transport card.
- Shared minibuses (marshrutkas) and long-distance buses link Baku with Sheki, Quba and Gabala for little money.
- The Old City and the streets around Fountain Square have the most hostels and guesthouses.
- Eat at local cafeterias and bakeries for cheap qutab, dolma and lentil soup.
- Ask guesthouses in Sheki and Quba about shared taxis to nearby villages – splitting a car is often the cheapest way into the mountains.
Stay safe
- Azerbaijan is generally safe with low street crime, but watch for overcharging by unofficial taxis – use app-based rides.
- Avoid areas near the Armenian border and follow official advice on regions affected by the past conflict.
- Do not photograph military or government buildings, and check your government's travel advice before visiting.
- Dress modestly when visiting mosques and rural villages.
Money
- The currency is the Azerbaijani manat; cash is needed in villages and markets.
- ATMs are common in Baku and larger towns, and cards work in most city hotels and restaurants.
- Tipping around 5-10% is appreciated in restaurants if service is not already included.
Emergency: 102 police · 101 fire · 103 ambulance · 112
Most travellers fly into Heydar Aliyev International Airport in Baku; land borders with Georgia and other neighbours have been closed to most travellers for long periods, so check the latest rules before planning an overland route.
✈️ Cheap flights to Azerbaijan: airports, flight times & best time to fly →
- Baku lies below sea level, making it one of the lowest capitals in the world.
- The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water.
- Azerbaijan is home to roughly half of the world's known mud volcanoes.
- Its 1918 republic granted women the vote before many Western countries.
- Khinalug villagers speak a language found nowhere else on Earth.
Azerbaijan travel questions
Is Azerbaijan safe for tourists?
Azerbaijan is generally safe, with low crime and very hospitable people. Avoid border regions near Armenia and check your government's latest travel advice before you go.
When is the best time to visit Azerbaijan?
Spring (April to June) and autumn (September to October) offer the most comfortable weather. Summer is good for the mountains, while winter in Baku is cold and windy.
How many days do you need in Azerbaijan?
Four or five days covers Baku and a trip to Sheki or Quba. Ten days lets you explore the mountains and the south properly.
Do I need a visa for Azerbaijan?
It depends on your passport, and many travellers use an electronic visa system. Check the official government site or embassy before you travel.
What food should I try in Azerbaijan?
Try plov, lamb kebabs, dolma, qutab flatbreads and Sheki halva. Tea culture is central, so expect jam and sweets served with every glass.
Approximate daily cost per person (stay, food, local transport).
Baku has a cheap metro and app taxis; buses and trains connect the regions. Hiring a driver is easy for mountain areas.
- Ateshgah of Baku – Historic fire temple used by Zoroastrian and Hindu worshippers
- Bibi-Heybat Mosque – Large seaside mosque and shrine just south of Baku
- Dress modestly at mosques and remove shoes
- Tea is a sign of hospitality – accept when offered
- Respect elders and greet them first
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